图片说明：图左为主持人刘桂明总编辑；图右为翻译侯颖律师
登泰山而看诉讼
To see the Lawsuit on the top of
——在“中国诉讼论坛·2015”闭幕式上的总结
Summary of “China Lawsuit Forum 2015” at the closing ceremony
刘桂明
Liu Guiming
各位嘉宾、各位朋友、各位律师：
Distinguished fellow guests, friends, lawyers,
为期两天的“中国诉讼论坛·2015”即将进入尾声了。按照会务总体安排，需要我来对论坛做一个总结。
The “China Lawsuit Forum 2015” is drawing to a close. As the committee’s arrangement, I’ll make a summary of this forum.
毫无疑问，即将胜利闭幕的“中国诉讼论坛”是一个非常有创意、有寓意、有深意的论坛。这是一个真正意义上的民间论坛，也是一个完全由律师自发搭建的业务交流与思想碰撞的专业平台，更是一个将来完全有可能容纳所有法律人踊跃参与的合作平台。尤其值得一提的是，这个论坛首先是在泰山脚下开始的。对我们来说，泰山意味着什么，相信大家比我拥有更深入的思考。望泰山而大踏步，登泰山而小天下，两天来，大家围绕“程序正义、法律正义、社会责任”的论坛主题，对诉讼制度、诉讼程序、诉讼方式、诉讼规律、诉讼体系、诉讼法治等问题进行了充分而深入的讨论，尤其是对诉讼的本来含义与延伸意义进行了多视角多领域多专业的全新思考。
Undoubtedly, the “China Lawsuit Forum” has profound and lasting significance. This is a real folk forum and professional platform that is wholly for lawyers’ exchange and communication. Furthermore, it is a corporation platform for every legal profession to participate in. The most important thing is that this forum is held in
现在，就让我来将大家对有关诉讼的思考与研究，做一个简单的总结与梳理。“中国诉讼论坛”当然首先要讨论诉讼问题，那么，究竟什么是诉讼呢？或者说诉讼代表什么呢？众所周知，所谓诉讼，平常的理解就是指人民法院根据纠纷当事人的请求，运用审判权确认争议各方之间的权利义务关系，以解决各种纠纷的活动。用我们老百姓的说法就是“打官司”，也就是先由一方告诉、告发或控告，再由国家的权威机构也就是官府来解决控方与被告方的争议或纠纷的活动。据说在我国古代早有“诉讼”这个说法，但作为现代意义上的“诉讼”还是从日本的法律用语中转引而来的。
Now, let me make a simple summary based on everyone’s thought and study of the lawsuit. This first key issue is the lawsuit. So, what is lawsuit? Or what does the lawsuit stand for? As we all known, the lawsuit is in reference to an action brought in a court of law under its judicial authority. Generally speaking, lawsuit is an activity brought by one party who go to the court, and then be solved by an authority. Actually, we had the word of “lawsuit” in the ancient times. But the modern meaning of “lawsuit” was quoted from Japanese legal term.
远的就不说了，就说说眼前我们讨论的“诉讼”吧。通过大家的讨论，我们看到，所谓“诉讼”应该包括以下内容或者说代表以下十个方面：
So let’s talk about the lawsuit in this forum. Through our discussion these days, we believe the “lawsuit” should contain the meaning from following aspects:
一、诉讼是一种程序制度。不管诉讼有多少种含义，其中最主要的含义就是一种制度设计。当双方出现争议、发生纠纷时，法律就要为其设计一种程序、设置一个平台，让双方在这里表达主张、提出意见。因为各种争议与纠纷的不同，后来又分理出了刑事诉讼、民事诉讼、行政诉讼。简而言之，这种制度就是方便各方当事人来打官司，不管你是政府还是百姓，不论你是原告还是被告，无论你是代表控方还是作为辩方，都来自于这种制度设计。
First, lawsuit is a procedure system. The most important meaning of the lawsuit among other different explanation is its institutional design. When disputes come up between two parties, the law will design a system and provide a platform for those parties to claim and argue for themselves. Since those disputes happened out of different basis, the criminal action, civil action and administrative action have been developed thereof. In short, whatever you are the government or civilian, plaintiff or defendant, whatever you stand for the prosecution or the defense, this institutional design could cover all of them.
二、诉讼是一个争议过程。从争议的产生到结束，从纠纷的出现到解决，从官司的开始到终了，就是一个过程。这个过程，在法律上来讲就是诉讼。所以，又可以说，从立案到结案，就是诉讼。这个诉讼有可能是属于是否构成犯罪的刑事诉讼，也有可能是属于侵权还是违约的民事诉讼，还有可能是属于民告官的行政诉讼。有争议就有可能形成诉讼，有诉讼就是为了解决争议。
Second, lawsuit is a process of disputes. It is a process of the dispute’s beginning and finish, and also a process of the action’s appearance and termination. So, in other words, lawsuit refers to the process of the case’s filing and its closure. This lawsuit might be a criminal action, which is about whether there is a crime. This lawsuit might be a civil action, if there is about tort or breach of contract. This lawsuit might also be an administrative action, if it is brought by the civilian against government. Disputes make the lawsuit possible. Meanwhile, the lawsuit is to solve those disputes.
三、诉讼是一种特定状态。毫无疑问，从形态上来说，诉讼就是一种未定状态。这种未定状态，对于争议双方的法律关系来讲，就是一种特定状态。这种特定状态表明双方的权利义务关系，有可能是因为公权力的干预与私权利的救济之间出了问题，也有可能是属于平等主体之间的给付、确认和变更关系发生了争议，还有可能是源于行政机关的具体行政行为是否合法。所以，比如说在承担民事损害赔偿责任的方式上既有停止侵害、排除妨碍、消除危险等这样的主张，也有返还财产、恢复原状、消除影响、恢复名誉等类似的诉求，还有诸如赔礼道歉这样的裁决。如此要求或裁决，就是为了恢复或修复原有的状态，也就是回到原来的状态，而不是未定状态。
Three, lawsuit is an undetermined status. Undoubtedly, from the perspective of its form, the lawsuit is an undetermined status. This undetermined status is a certain status for both parties’ jural relationship. This certain status indicates that disputes between parties’ jural relationship might be based on each party’s payment, confirmation and variation, or the legitimacy of administrations’ administrative act. Therefore, ways of the civil liability for compensation include cessation of infringement, removal of obstacles, elimination of dangers, restitution of property, repristination, eliminating effects, rehabilitating reputation, and offering an apology. Such adjudication is aiming to rehabilitate or fix to the original status, instead of staying at the undetermined status.
四、诉讼是一种专门学问。从上面我的描述来看，诉讼既是一种程序设计，也是一种争议事实。那么，如何参加诉讼、如何解决争议，就需要专门学问。这种专门学问，只有法律职业人士才能掌握。作为当事人，一般来讲，无法了解诉讼的专业知识，也无法掌握诉讼的专业本领，所以就需要依赖并聘请法律专业人士代表其参加诉讼。这样的法律专业人士就是律师，就是能够代表当事人主张权利、搜集证据的执业律师。同样，诉讼的完成还需要其他法律职业人士如法官检察官的共同努力。这种专门学问就是如何打官司、如何审案子、如何起诉指控的学问。对律师来说，这种专门学问就是如何找到程序上的有利、如何发现证据上的有效。
Four, lawsuit is a specialized knowledge. From the description above, lawsuit is a kind of institutional design, and also is about facts of disputes. Therefore, how to engage the lawsuit and how to solve the dispute need the specialized knowledge. Only legal professions can master this specialized knowledge. Parties from the lawsuit could not understand and master the professional knowledge of lawsuit. Therefore parties rely on and hire the legal professions to stand for them to participate the lawsuit. Those legal professions are lawyers, who claim legal rights and collect the evidence for the parties. Meanwhile, the completion of lawsuit needs other legal professions’ effort, like the judge and prosecutors. This specialized knowledge is about how to engage in a lawsuit, how to judge a case and how to prosecute charges. For lawyers, this specialized knowledge refers to find advantages of the procedure and effectiveness of evidence.
五、诉讼是一种专业关系。所谓专业关系，就是一种法律关系，就是一种法律上的权利义务关系。无论是法官检察官律师之间的法律职业共同体关系还是法官检察官律师与当事人之间的诉讼参与人关系，都是一种法律制度上的权利义务关系。对法官检察官与律师来说，在以审判为中心的体质背景下就是一种等边三角形的关系。对律师与当事人来说，就是一种或指定或委托的关系。在民事诉讼中，原告与被告在法律上处于平等的地位，而法官居中作为仲裁者解决双方的争议和冲突。同时，在民事案件中，各国大都将有独立利益的其他人列为诉讼的第三人的情况。这时，实际的争议者就不限于原告与被告双方了。在中国的刑事诉讼中也有类似的情况，那就是被害人。被害人也是诉讼当事人，他与检察机关各自站在不同的立场同时充当控诉者。可见，这种专业关系既复杂又简单，既有主动也有被动，既有专业人士也有非专业人士。
Five, lawsuit is a professional relationship. This professional relationship is jural relationship, which is based on rights and obligations under the law. Either the relationship between the judge, prosecutor and lawyer, or the relationship between the judge, prosecutor, lawyer and parties is the jural relationship. For the judge, prosecutor and lawyer, it is an equilateral triangle relationship. For the lawyer and parties, it is a relationship of appointment and delegation. In the civil action, the plaintiff and defendant are equal in front of the court, and the judge acts like the arbitrator in the middle to solve disputes. At the modern time, in the civil actions, most countries accept the third party beneficiary as one party of the lawsuit. Under this situation, the real parties are beyond the plaintiff and defendant.
六、诉讼是一种法律服务。所谓法律服务，主要是指律师为当事人提供法律服务。在刑事案件中，律师有可能是被害人的代理人，也有可能是被告人的辩护人；在民事案件与行政案件中，律师可以为任何一方当事人提供法律服务。如果是民事诉讼，根据法律规定，由民事诉讼当事人授权委托或经人民法院特别指定，由律师以当事人名义，代理一方当事人进行诉讼。这在法律上用专业语言说就是诉讼代理制度，平常一般都称其为法律服务。律师进行诉讼行为和接受诉讼行为的权限，就是法律上的诉讼代理权。只有享有诉讼代理权为当事人代理诉讼的人，才能叫做诉讼代理人，才能说是为当事人提供法律服务。
Six, lawsuit is legal service. The legal service refers the lawyer’s legal service provided to parties. In the criminal cases, lawyer may be the attorney of victim, or the defense lawyer. In the civil action and administrative cases, lawyer can provide legal service for any party. If it is civil action, lawyer represents one party by client’s authorization or court’s appointment under the law. Professional speaking, it is the system of lawsuit representation, which is generally called legal service. Lawyer’s authority of accepting and engaging the proceeding is the power of representation in the lawsuit. Only people who have such power can be called the agent ad litem, who are able to provide the legal service for parties.
七、诉讼是一种专业活动。从上面两种概括来看，无论是专业关系还是法律服务，体现的都是一种专业活动。比如在刑事案件中，这种专业首先来自于侦查机关对事实与证据的搜集发现，然后来自于检察机关的审查起诉与开庭支持公诉，还来自于辩护人的会见、阅卷、调查取证及辩护，最后则表现在审判机关对双方主张的判断与审核、对争议焦点的归纳与梳理、对证据事实的推理与采信。所有这一切，表现的都是一种判断事实、审查证据、适用法律的专业活动。这种专业活动，就是如何启动程序、按照程序、运用程序的专业诉讼过程。
Seven, lawsuit is a professional activity. Either professional relationship or legal service reflects a professional activity. For example, in the criminal case, the professionalism exists in the investigative organ’s collection and recognition of facts and evidence, prosecuting organ’s filling and supporting of prosecution. Furthermore, the professionalism exists in the defense lawyer’s meeting, examination of papers, research and collection of the evidence, and the defense. Lastly, the professionalism exists in the adjudication organ’s estimation and examination of both parties’ claims, summary of the controversial issues, and the reasoning and acceptance of the evidence and facts. All of these activities are professional activities of judging facts, examining evidence and applying the law. This professional activity is the process of procedure’s launching, practice and application.
八、诉讼是一种表达方式。诉讼的过程是一个包括提起诉讼、法院的审理和裁决执行等的进程。对这一过程的推进，主要是通过调查与辩论，对事实问题与法律问题的争议、对抗、妥协与裁决等多种法定的动态流程来实现的。在民事案件中，一方面可能是出现了民事法律关系发生、变更或消灭的事实，另一方面可能是其权利受到了侵害或法律关系遭到破坏。于是，权利受到侵害者，就需要找到一个平台，表达自己的主张。同样，被起诉的一方也就是被告，也要反驳对方的主张。这样，双方的表达，既有程序意义上的诉求，也有实体意义上的要求。其实，这里说的表达，既有开庭意义上的表达，也有庭外的表达。比如说环境公益诉讼或有关行政诉讼，对当事人来说，无论是胜诉还是败诉，不论是裁决结案还是调解结案，实际上就是一种表达意义。所以，类似的案件可能结果并不重要，通过诉讼体现的表达意义可能更重要。
Eight, lawsuit is a method of expression. The process of lawsuit includes the filling the lawsuit, courts’ judgment and execution of an award. Promote the process is realized by the dynamic process, which includes the facts and legal questions’ disputes, withstanding, compromise and adjudication. Civil case sometimes is about the civil legal relationship’s appearance, modification or termination; sometimes is about people’s rights’ infringement or the jural relationship’s destruction. Therefore, the one whose right is infringed needs to find a stage to express his or her claim. The other party, who is charged, needs to object to the claim. So both parties’ expressions are in accordance with both the procedural and substantive meaning. Actually, the expression here refers to both the expression in the court and outside the court. For example, in the environmental public litigation or the relevant administrative litigation, whatever the party loses or wins the case, whatever the case is closed via verdict or mediation, the basis is the expression. Therefore, for the other similar cases, the most important thing is not the result of case, but the meaning of expression during the lawsuit.
九、诉讼是一种语言艺术。如果要用一句文学语言来描述律师的法律服务作用，可以考虑这么说，律师是一种受命于危难忧烦之际，效力于是非曲直之间的职业。通过自己的专业努力，律师变复杂为简单，变被动为主动，化腐朽为神奇，挽狂澜于既倒。其实，律师的语言艺术既表现在辩护词代理词中，更表现在开庭的问答与抗议上。同样，检察官作为公诉人的语言艺术与律师应有异曲同工之妙。如此而来，才能碰出火花，才能旗鼓相当。对于法官来说，其语言艺术不在于说多少，而是什么时候说，什么时候多说，什么时候少说，什么时候不说。当然，更体现在其判决书的写作与推理过程。总之，对法律人来说，诉讼不仅仅是一种专业技术，更是一种语言艺术。
Nine, lawsuit is an art of language. If we describe the function of lawyers’ legal service by using the literature sentence, the lawyer is a profession that is entrusted during the difficult times and providing works between the black and white. Through the hard work, lawyers are capable to make the complexity simple, turn the bad into good, and rescue victory from defeat. Specifically, the art of lawyers’ language exists in their representation, questioning, answering and objection in front of the court. Similarly, the prosecutors’ language is also kind of art. For the judge, the art of language does not mean speak a lot, but mean the time to talk and its content. Of course, the legal writing of judgment also reflects the language’s art. In sum, for legal professions, the lawsuit is not only about specialized techniques, but also type of art of language.
十、诉讼是一个普法讲堂。正如刚才补充道，诉讼还是一个普法讲堂。 本来我的总结是九点，加上中国法律援助基金会项目部副主任杨彦萍刚才补充的一点就是十点了，就显得十全十美了。如果这两天讨论最多的就是程序正义与法律正义，那么今天又重点讨论了社会责任，所有这几个问题，正好是本次论坛的主题。在我看来，只有通晓程序正义与法律正义并具有社会责任的法律人，才是十全十美的法律人。作为法律人，我们通过诉讼这个讲堂，让当事人乃至社会各界逐渐知道，诉讼的功能是什么，诉讼的目的是什么，诉讼的价值是什么，如何参与诉讼，如何解决诉讼，如何化解诉讼，什么是权利与义务，什么是侵权与违约，什么是民主与法制，什么是过错与责任，什么是违法与犯罪，什么是犯罪与刑罚，什么是犯罪构成要件，什么是因果法律关系，什么是法无明文规定不为罪，什么是法无授权不可为，什么是法定职责必须为，什么是疑罪从无，什么是无罪推定，什么是程序正义。由此可见，诉讼确实是一个十全十美的普法讲堂。
Ten, lawsuit is classroom of learning the law. This meaning was added by the deputy director from project department of China Legal Aid found, Yang yanping. We have talked a lot of procedure justice and legal justice in these two days, and we emphasized the social responsibility today. Those three issues are in accordance with the theme of this forum. In my opinion, the perfect legal professions should be the people who understand the procedure justice and legal justice and undertake the social responsibility at the same time. As legal professions, through the lawsuit, which is a classroom of learning, we make the parties and the public learn lawsuit’s function, aim and value, make them know how to engage and solve the lawsuit, what is the rights and obligations, what is tort and breach, what is democracy and legal system, what is wrongdoing and liability, what is crime and penalty, what is the component element of crime, what is causation, and what is non-crime without the clear regulation of law, what is not-allowed-to-do without the law’s authorization, what is must-to-do under the legal responsibility, what is presumption of innocence, and what is procedure justice. As we can see, the lawsuit is indeed a perfect classroom for leaning the law.
各位嘉宾、各位律师：所谓诉讼，既是一种国家意志力的表现，也是一种公民意志力的表达。其功能不仅仅是在于对过去发生的历史事实的发现与复原，更重要的是还在于是对过去相互法律关系的恢复或修复。一方面，它是一种“公力救济”，另一方面它又是一种“私力救济”。在这个意义上，诉讼就是程序，诉讼正义就是程序正义，就是法律正义。
Fellow guests and lawyers, the lawsuit is the manifestation of the national and civil willpower. Its function is not only to recognize and rehabilitate the past facts, but also to rehabilitate the past jural relationship. Lawsuit is a tool of both public protection and self-protection. Accordingly, the lawsuit is the procedure. And the justice of lawsuit is the procedure justice and legal justice.
几千年前，孟子说:"孔子登东山而小鲁，登泰山而小天下"。我们每一个人，站得越高，视野就越开阔。今天，“中国诉讼论坛”第一次来到了泰山，第一次站到了泰山顶上。随着视野的转换与视线的宽广，来到泰山的各位对人生也一定有了新的领悟。我们今天站在泰山顶上看万物、看诉讼、看人类纷争、看人间纷扰，好像有了新的领悟与体会。这个体会就是，在所有法律人之间，合作应该重于对抗，合作可以大于对抗，合作必须强于对抗。所以，诉讼不是你死我活，而是平等对抗；诉讼不是你高我低，而是同等表达；诉讼不是你输我赢，而是对等合作。
Thousands years ago, Mencius said, Confucius feels the Lu kingdom is smaller when he is on the top of the East Hill, and the world is smaller when he is on the top of the Tai Mountain. Therefore, the higher we stand, the farther we can see, and the wider horizon we will have. Today, the “China Lawsuit Forum” comes to the Tai Mountain and stands on the top of it for the first time. With the vision’s transfer and expansion, I believe everybody has the new thought towards our lives. Today, when we are standing on the top of the Tai Mountain to see all, to see the lawsuit, to see the disputes among people, we seem to have new understanding. This new understanding is that, among each legal profession, cooperation overweight resistance, and cooperation must stronger than resistance. So, the lawsuit is not a life-or-death struggle, but an equal objection; the lawsuit is not higher-or-lower position, but an equal expression; the lawsuit is not win-or-lose competition, but an equal cooperation.
习大大说，让人民群众在每一个司法案件中都感受到公平正义。也就是说，在每一个诉讼中，要让人民群众感受到什么是程序正义，什么是法律正义，什么是社会责任。
Chairman Xi said, let people feel the justice and fairness in each judicial case. In other words, let people feel the procedure justice, legal justice and social responsibility in each lawsuit.
感谢本次论坛的创意与策划！感谢各位律师的参与和奉献！感谢泰山给了我们更有高度与广度的思考领悟！
Thanks this forum’s creativity and planning. Thanks every lawyer’s participation and contribution. Thanks the Tai Mountain gives us the deeper thoughts.
（2015年11月8日 山东泰安）
(November 8th, 2015 Tai’an, Shandong Province)